News Category: Press Releases

Sonke joins the globe to mark the 16 days of activism against Gender Based Violence, this year under the theme “Towards 30 years of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action: UNITE to end violence against women and girls”.

A recent report by the Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa states that 7 out of 10 men in the country believe women should ‘obey’ their husbands. The study further states that a significant number of men believe that a woman cannot refuse to have sex with her partner. 

The 16 Days of Activism campaign is an opportunity for society to interrogate these findings and other harmful social norms. It is also a moment to strengthen interventions of raising awareness of the global scourge of violence, promoting positive masculinity and gender equity, as well as urging governments to implement commitments made to eliminate violence against women as contained in the progressive National Strategic Plan against GBVF. 

“We endeavour to make our contribution through engagements with communities and partner organisations in efforts to contribute to the success of the noble campaign that seeks to end all forms of violence against women, children and the LGBTQIA+ community” said Bafana Khumalo Sonke Gender Justice’s Co-Executive Director. 

Sonke calls upon world leaders, the civil society fraternity, communities and other stakeholders to unite and play their part, in the quest to end violence, beyond these 16 days of activism against Gender based violence campaign. 

“We can only achieve the goals of the GBVF-NSP if all stakeholders pull together and work collaboratively. We need as a matter of urgency the establishment of the coordinating mechanism for the implementation of the strategy as agreed between government, civil society and other stakeholders in South Africa” Khumalo emphasises. 

Sonke remains committed to contributing towards the prevention of violence in society.

Issued by Sonke Gender Justice

For media enquiries contact

Kgomotso Mophulane, Communications & Strategic Information Manager, Sonke Gender Justice on kgomotso@genderjustice.org.za or 0835196187.

Bafana Khumalo, Co-Executive Director, Sonke Gender Justice on bafana@genderjustice.org.za or 082 5784479.

Note to editors

Sonke is a South African-based non-profit organisation working throughout Africa. We believe women and men, girls and boys can work together to resist patriarchy, advocate for gender justice, and achieve gender transformation. For media releases, reports and news visit https://genderjustice.org.za/ and https://genderjustice.org.za/newsletter-signup/

Sonke Gender Justice is outraged to learn that a South African attorney Carel Benjamin Schoeman, who is charged with 26 counts of rape, exploitation of children, human trafficking and kidnapping among others, is still practicing law. Schoeman, who is accused of buying a teenage girl from her mother and using her as a sex slave, has pleaded not guilty to the charges against him.

“The levels of sexual and gender-based violence against women and girls remain very high in South Africa. It is totally unacceptable when even officers of the courts are caught committing such brutality’’ said Bafana Khumalo, Co-Executive Director, Sonke Gender Justice. 

According to the Legal Practice Council, Schoeman is still registered as an attorney, practising under CBS Attorneys, this is despite the criminal case against him, as well as other three active complaints against the attorney, such as failure to account, failure to attend to a matter diligently, and bringing the Law profession into disrepute.

 “There is no doubt that Schoeman’s behaviour has brought the professional body’s reputation into disrepute. At the very least, the LPC should place him on a precautionary suspension until his matters are resolved as per applicable policies concerning such behaviour. Allowing him to continue practices potentially exposes innocent victims to his unprofessional conducts” Khumalo urges. 

The co-accused, who is the mother of the victim, has also pleaded not guilty. She has been charged with 72 counts of sexual exploitation of children, rape, human trafficking, kidnapping, child abuse and creating child pornography. The accused is alleged to have forced her daughters to have sex with several clients in exchange for money on numerous occasions.

Sonke calls on the criminal justice system to ensure that all those who are involved in these crimes are held accountable, and that a strong message be sent by the courts that such brutality is unacceptable.

Issued by Sonke Gender Justice.

For media enquiries contact

Kgomotso Mophulane, Communications & Strategic Information Manager, Sonke Gender Justice on kgomotso@genderjustice.org.za or 0835196187.

Bafana Khumalo, Co-Executive Director, Sonke Gender Justice on bafana@genderjustice.org.za or 082 5784479.

Note to editors

Sonke is a South African-based non-profit organisation working throughout Africa. We believe women and men, girls and boys can work together to resist patriarchy, advocate for gender justice, and achieve gender transformation. For media releases, reports and news visit https://genderjustice.org.za/  and https://genderjustice.org.za/newsletter-signup/

Religious and traditional leaders play a crucial role in strengthening the prevention of and response to gender-based violence, as such Sonke Gender Justice and the Bushbuckridge Civil Society Forum urge these fraternities to play an active role in curbing this scourge, while holding fellow leaders accountable. 

This comes after a Pastor was recently arrested in Mpumalanga province, on alleged three counts of rape of young girls and a possession of an illegal firearm. We note that this is not an isolated case involving a faith leader, and that there may be more unreported cases due to various reasons including the pressure often placed on survivors by members of these institutions. 

The latest South African Police Service crime statistics report indicate an increase in rape rates by 0.6% over the past year. Of these, over three-hundred incidents are reported to have taken place in Mpumalanga. This alarming trend underscores the need for enhanced community safety measures. 

Addressing GBV needs a multisectoral approach “government, civil society, corporate and the religious and traditional fraternity need to come on board to tackle this. There also needs to be a budget set aside for civil society to implement programs tailored to address GBVF specifically in Bushbuckridge. We have partnered with the Department of Social Development to engage young boys to become change agents of GBVF through activities such as the Boys Assembly dialogues, we think its important that the conversation is led from that perspective too. We are also working with the local municipality to engage religious leaders on GBV related matters” said Ernest Mando Nkanyana, Bushbuckridge Civil Society Forum Chairperson. 

Sonke currently collaborates with the Bushbuckridge Civil Society Forum to strengthen the leadership abilities of religious and traditional leaders to address this scourge in churches and communities. 

“Informed faith and traditional leaders can drive cultural change, challenge harmful norms and encourage inclusivity and compassion, these training workshops enable us to sensitize the leaders to understand the drivers of GBV and how to work collaboratively with other multisectoral stakeholders to better support survivors and overall prevention of violence”, said Bafana Khumalo, Sonke Gender Justice’s Co-Executive Director. 

Communities need to remain vigilant in ensuring that those who commit any form of sexual and GBV are held accountable. This includes ensuring that the criminal justice system is held accountable to ensure that justice prevails.

Issued by Sonke Gender Justice.

For media enquiries contact

Kgomotso Mophulane, Communications & Strategic Information Manager, Sonke Gender Justice on kgomotso@genderjustice.org.za  or 0835196187

Ernest Mando Nkanyana, Bushbuckridge Civil Society Forum Chairperson on mandonkanyana@gmail.com or 079 410 1853 

Note to editors

Sonke is a South African-based non-profit organisation working throughout Africa. We believe women and men, girls and boys can work together to resist patriarchy, advocate for gender justice, and achieve gender transformation. For media releases, reports and news visit https://genderjustice.org.za/  and https://genderjustice.org.za/newsletter-signup/

The SANAC Civil Society Forum (CSF) is a formal advisory body established in 2012 by the South African National AIDS Council to facilitate the participation of Civil Society Organisations and networks, including those representing People Living with HIV, in the HIV and AIDS and TB within the National HIV response and for the implementations thereof National Strategic Plan (NSP) 2012-2016 through Sectors.

MenEngage Africa and Sonke Gender Justice are saddened by the death of Ugandan marathon runner Rebecca Cheptegei, who tragically fell victim to domestic violence. The athlete, who recently participated impressively at the 2024 Paris Olympics, succumbed to her injuries inflicted on her by her former boyfriend, Dickson Marangach, who allegedly set her on fire.

MEA & Sonke passes condolences to the family and entire sports fraternity. “It is very sad both for Kenya and the continent that we have lost such talent at the prime of her career when we still expected a lot from her. More needs to be done to ensure that as a society we provide adequate protective environment for such national asserts,” said Bafana Khumalo of Sonke Gender Justice.

Like in many countries, gender-based violence is rife in Kenya, as a survey from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics notes that 34% of girls and women of the age 15 to 49 had experienced physical violence since they were aged 15, with some cases going unreported. In October 2021, long-distance runner Agnes Tirop was stabbed to death at her home, while in 2022, Damaris Mutua, was found dead at her boyfriend’s home, allegedly strangled.

Such incidents remind us of the urgent need to prioritise the fight against gender-based violence in the continent, and for the civil society community to strengthen their efforts in addressing this scourge, hold governments and legal systems to account. “We need to redouble our efforts in working with men and boys to undermine toxic masculinities. MEA remains committed to make its own contributions to eliminating harmful practices in our communities,” concluded Sithembile Gumede, MEA chairperson.

Issued by Sonke Gender Justice. 

For media enquiries contact

Kgomotso Mophulane, Communications & Strategic Information Manager, Sonke Gender Justice on kgomotso@genderjustice.org.za or 0835196187. 

Bafana Khumalo, Co-Executive Director, Sonke Gender Justice on bafana@genderjustice.org.za or 082 5784479. 

Note to editors

Sonke is a South African-based non-profit organisation working throughout Africa. We believe women and men, girls and boys can work together to resist patriarchy, advocate for gender justice, and achieve gender transformation. For media releases, reports and news visit https://genderjustice.org.za/ and https://genderjustice.org.za/newsletter-signup/

Sonke Gender Justice and MenEngage Africa welcome the historic coming into force of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Africa. This is a landmark Protocol which is significant in recognizing and safeguarding the rights of persons with disabilities across the continent and thereby acknowledging their fundamental dignity and autonomy. 

While we celebrate the coming into force of this Protocol, it reminds us of the urgent need to develop inclusive policies and practices that ensure the participation of persons with disability in all aspects of society. The Protocol also reminds us of the need for governments to prioritize comprehensive Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights services for persons with disabilities. Despite progress made on several fronts on access to SRHR, persons with disabilities in Africa continue to face systemic and structural barriers that hinder their access to SRHR. Discrimination, stigma and lack of appropriate facilities are some of the barriers and with the coming into force of this protocol, “we urge governments to take immediate actions to dismantle these barriers and ensure that all individuals, regardless of their abilities, can access the full spectrum of sexual and reproductive health services as access to these services is a fundamental human rights and is essential for the overall wellbeing and empowerment of persons with disability”, said Jude Njikem, Sonke Gender Justice’s SRHR Specialist.

“We believe the Protocol has a lot to do with Persons with Disabilities in Africa, as it contains a number of important articles that ensure equal enjoyment of the rights of persons with disabilities. African Disability Forum is pleased with the good news of the coming effect of this important instrument for which it has also contributed its part in lobbying and advocating for the ratifications, together with its partners. We continue the advocacy for more ratifications, and also implementation of the protocol” said Shuaib Chalklen, African Disability Forum’s Executive Director

Sonke Gender Justice and MenEngage Africa call upon all African governments to:

1. Fully Implement the Protocol: Take concrete steps to integrate the provisions of the Protocol into national laws and policies, ensuring that the rights of persons with disabilities are upheld and protected.
2. Ensure Accessibility: Develop and enhance accessible health services that cater to the specific needs of persons with disabilities, including the provision of information in accessible formats.
3. Promote awareness of the rights of persons with disabilities among healthcare providers and the public to foster an inclusive and respectful environment. 
4. Engage Persons with Disabilities: Involve persons with disabilities in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of health services to ensure their perspectives and needs are central to service delivery.

As we celebrate this monumental achievement, we urge all stakeholders—governments, civil society, and communities—to work collaboratively to achieve reproductive autonomy for persons with disabilities, access to information and friendly service. We stand in solidarity with persons with disabilities, advocating for their full participation in all aspects of society. We call upon all member states to ratify and implement the protocol, ensuring that its provisions are translated into tangible actions that improve the lives of persons with disabilities. We also call on the international community to Meaningfully Expand and Intentionally fund Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights programmes in line with the African Disability Protocol

Together, we can build a more inclusive and equitable Africa, where every individual, regardless of their abilities, can thrive and contribute to the development of our communities.

For more information, please contact

Amukelani Chauke, Regional Communications and Social Media Coordinator, Sonke Gender Justice on amu@genderjustice.org.za or +27748574254

Sonke Gender Justice strongly condemns the Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence, TFGBV including bullying and harassment targeted at the Miss South Africa finalist Chidimma Onwe Adetshina, regarding her eligibility to participate in the contest.

Sonke also condemns utterance made by the Minister of Sports, Arts and Culture Gayton Mckenzie in relation to Adetshina’s participation in the pageant which seek to disregard her nationality as a South African. In response to an inquiry by a social media user on X (formerly twitter) on how he feels about Adetshina’s participation in the pageant he responded by saying that ‘…we truly cannot have Nigerians compete in our Miss SA competition. I want to get all the facts before I comment, but it gives funny vibes already’’. As a public official, Gayton Mckenzie ought to have exercised his power responsibly, in a manner that upholds the laws of this country and protects its citizens. 

TFGBV is any act of gender-based violence that is committed, assisted, or aggravated by the use of information and communication technologies, including social media platforms. It disproportionately affects women in public life, including politicians, activists, journalists, and public figures, by undermining their participation in public spaces, silencing their voices, and causing them psychological harm. 

Therefore, the comments by Minister Mckenzie regarding Adetshina’s eligibility to participate in the contest have not only subjected her to TFGBV but also pose a significant threat to digital democracy and the participation of women in public life. His actions fit within several harmful elements of TFGBV as follows:

• Reinforcement of harmful norms: The Minister’s comments amplify harmful gender norms and misogynistic attitudes, leading to increased justification and perpetuation of TFGBV. By questioning Adetshina’s eligibility based on her heritage, he reinforces the idea that women, especially those with diverse backgrounds, do not belong in public spaces. This broader impact discourages women from participating in public life and perpetuates gender inequality.
• Isolation of victims: The Minister’s remarks contribute to an environment where Adetshina may find it difficult to receive support or validation, as echo chambers dismiss or trivialize her experiences. This isolation can lead to undue mental stress for her and other women facing similar situations, making it harder for them to seek help and support.
• Amplification of abuse: By making such comments, the Minister provides a platform for perpetrators of TFGBV to find like-minded individuals, emboldening them to continue or escalate their abusive behavior. This amplification of abuse not only affects Adetshina but also creates a more hostile environment for all women in public life, increasing the prevalence of TFGBV.
• Polarization: The Minister’s statements polarize public opinion, deepening societal divides and making it harder to address TFGBV through collective action and policy changes. This polarization hinders efforts to create a unified front against TFGBV and undermines social cohesion.
• Reinforcement of patriarchal norms: The Minister’s actions reinforce patriarchal roles, norms, and structures by discouraging women from stepping into leadership roles and participating in public life. This perpetuates gender inequality and hinders progress towards gender equality, affecting not only Adetshina but also the broader movement for women’s rights.
• Exacerbation of digital authoritarianism: The Minister’s comments contribute to the global trend of growing digital authoritarianism by creating an environment where women are less likely to engage in online spaces. This reduces overall democratic engagement and weakens the democratic process by excluding diverse voices.
• Undermining democratic institutions: The exclusion of women from public life due to TFGBV, exacerbated by the Minister’s remarks, undermines democratic institutions. A healthy democracy relies on the active participation of all its citizens, and the absence of women’s voices weakens decision-making processes and outcomes.
• Eroding trust in democratic processes: When women like Adetshina are targeted with TFGBV, it erodes their trust in democratic processes and institutions, leading to disillusionment and disengagement from political and civic activities. This erosion of trust can have long-term negative effects on democratic participation.
• Impact on community and social cohesion: The hostile environment created by TFGBV, fueled by the Minister’s comments, leads to divisions within communities, reducing social cohesion and making it harder to build consensus on important issues. This impact extends beyond Adetshina to affect the broader society, hindering efforts to create a more inclusive and equitable community.
• Undermining South Africa’s efforts towards gender equality: The Minister’s actions undermine South Africa’s efforts towards gender equality as enshrined in the Constitution. According to Section 9 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and benefit of the law. The Constitution explicitly prohibits unfair discrimination on grounds including gender and ethnic or social origin1. By making comments that question Adetshina’s eligibility based on her heritage, the Minister is acting contrary to these constitutional principles, thereby undermining the nation’s commitment to gender equality.

Miss South Africa is a beauty pageant which provides a leadership platform for young South African women. Through a pageantry process, contestants receive world-renowned coaching in addition to advanced networking, business and life skills. To qualify to participate in this year’s pageant, one must be at least 20 years old and be under 30 years of age as of 10 August 2024. The applicant must be a South African citizen and in possession of a valid South African ID document or passport.

Chidimma Adetshina, a 23-year-old Miss South Africa finalist with Nigerian and Mozambican lineage is a naturalised South African citizen. Her father is from Nigeria and her mother is South African whilst her maternal grandmother has Mozambican roots.  While her parents have Nigerian and Mozambican roots,  Adetshina is a naturalised citizen who was born in South Africa and holds valid South African identity documents. Under Chapter 2 of the Constitution of South Africa, ‘’All citizens are— (a) equally entitled to the rights, privileges and benefits of citizenship; and (b) equally subject to the duties and responsibilities of citizenship. Further, the Constitution states that No citizen may be deprived of citizenship’’.

Despite the Miss South Africa organisers confirming that Adetshina has furnished documents that confirm her citizenship, thereby qualifying her to participate in the pageant, she has continued to face criticism, backlash, and TFGBV because of her roots. It is also important to note that several Miss SA contestants with European, English, and Asian lineages have not been subjected to the same online violence directed at Adetshina. 

In this regard, Sonke calls on Minister Gayton Mckenzie to:

• Withdraw the utterance he made on his X account that undermine Adetshina’s citizenship rights
• Call out those promoting the online abuse and violation of Aditshena’s rights

Sonke Gender Justice further calls on members of the public to desist from undermining Adetshina’s rights as a South African citizen and subjecting her to further TFGBV, abuse, and harassment, which is harmful to her  and undermines the spirit of the constitution. 

As South Africans we can do better, we must do better, by being kinder and more compassionate towards one another. Any power that seeks to ‘other’ or oppress another does not have a place in our democracy. Xenophobia and racism are two sides of the same coin, they are a threat to peace and human security.

Issued by Sonke Gender Justice.

For media enquiries contact

Bafana Khumalo, Co-Executive Director, Sonke Gender Justice on bafana@genderjustice.org.za or 082 5784479.

Motshidisi Ramadi, Programmes Director, Sonke Gender Justice on Motshidisi@genderjustice.org.za or 082 443 5586

Note to editors

Sonke is a South African-based non-profit organisation working throughout Africa. We believe women and men, girls and boys can work together to resist patriarchy, advocate for gender justice, and achieve gender transformation. For media releases, reports and news visit https://genderjustice.org.za/ and https://genderjustice.org.za/newsletter-signup/

Sonke Gender Justice and MenEngage Africa stand firmly on the principles of reproductive justice, which guarantees the bodily autonomy, rights, and dignity of all individuals, particularly women and girls. Therefore, we join and celebrate the Gambian Parliament’s decision to uphold the ban on female genital mutilation, marking a substantial advancement in the pursuit of reproductive justice and the safeguarding of the rights of women and girls. This decisive action serves to emphasise the Gambia’s dedication to the protection of the health, dignity, and autonomy of women and girls, who have historically been the most affected by this harmful and discriminatory practice. 

This move is in line with Gambia’s obligations to the Maputo Protocol, which it ratified in 2005. Article 5 of the Maputo Protocol specifically lists FGM as a harmful practice and calls for the provision of targeted support services and creation of awareness campaigns informing the public on the dangers of this and other harmful practices.

FGM is a severe violation of human rights that has devastating physical and psychological consequences. By standing firm against this practice, “The Gambia is sending a strong message to the world about the significance of protecting and expanding reproductive justice. This decision protects women’s and girls’ health and well-being and gives them the ability to live free of abuse and compulsion.” said Sonke’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights Specialist Jude Thaddeus Njikem. 

Reproductive justice encompasses one’s right to make decisions regarding one’s body, including whether to have children or not, and to parent children in safe and sustainable communities. It is about ensuring that every individual has the power and resources to make informed decisions concerning their body, health, and future. The Gambia’s stand against FGM is a critical part of this broader movement for reproductive justice, affirming the right of women and girls to use their own agency and make personal choices without fear of violence or discrimination and to raise children in a safe environment. 

Regulations that endorse practices such as FGM are fundamentally contradictory to the principles of reproductive justice and objective of nurturing girls in a secure and conducive setting. Such discriminatory laws undermine the health and well-being of future generations, perpetuating cycles of violence and inequality. It is crucial that every country implements and upholds legislation that safeguards children from harm and advances their entitlement to develop in secure and wholesome societies.

“We call on other countries to follow the Gambia’s example and to remain steadfast in their commitments to protect and promote reproductive justice for all. The fight against FGM is far from over, and it is essential that nations continue to enact and enforce laws that protect the rights of women and girls. We urge governments, civil society organisations, and communities worldwide to collaborate and take bold actions to end all forms of gender-based violence and to ensure that reproductive rights are respected and upheld.” said MEA Chairperson Sithembile Gumede. 

Sonke Gender Justice and MenEngage Africa stands in solidarity with the women and girls of The Gambia and with all those working tirelessly to end FGM and advance reproductive justice globally. Sonke and MEA commit to promote alternative cultural practices that respect the bodily integrity and human rights of all.

Issued by Sonke Gender Justice and MenEngage Africa.

For media enquiries contact

Kgomotso Mophulane, Communications and Strategic Information Manager, Sonke Gender Justice on kgomotso@genderjustice.org.za or +27835196187

Amukelani Chauke, Regional Communications and Social Media Coordinator, Sonke Gender Justice on amu@genderjustice.org.za or +27748574254

Note to editors 

Sonke is a South African-based non-profit organisation working throughout Africa. We believe women and men, girls and boys can work together to resist patriarchy, advocate for gender justice, and achieve gender transformation. For media releases, reports and news visit https://genderjustice.org.za/ and https://genderjustice.org.za/newsletter-signup/.

MenEngage Africa is part of a global alliance of organisations that engage men and boys to achieve gender equality, promote health, reduce violence and to question and address the structural barriers to achieving gender equality. The alliance consists of 24 country networks spread across East, West, Central and Southern Africa. MEA members work collectively toward advancing gender justice, human rights and social justice in key thematic areas including Sexual Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR), gender-based violence (GBV) & HIV prevention, Child Rights and Positive Parenting and in promoting peace on the continent.

Sonke in partnership with the Bushbuckridge local municipality and the Civil Society Forum, will host a Men’s conference on the 18^th of July 2024 in Bushbuckridge, to address the scourge of gender based violence and femicide in the community. This comes after a recent spike of reported cases of human rights violations under the Midland, North & South areas of the municipality.

President Cyril Ramaphosa signed a progressive policy, “The National Strategic Plan on GBVF for South Africa”, an important multistakeholder intervention geared to mobilise society to be engaged in efforts to turn the tide against GBVF. It is with this backdrop that the Men’s conference is convened to mobilise men and boys to come to the party and be counted in efforts to end the scourge in the area.

The conference brings together politicians, civil society organisations, media and government representatives, to put a spotlight on gender roles, positive masculinity, men’s sexual and mental health, GBVF and economic empowerment among other topics. The conversations will be geared towards mobilising for practical action that must be taken to contribute to the localisation of the implementation of the GBVF – NSP. It is through such multi-stakeholder collaboration that we will see significant shifts in the efforts to end GBVF and ensure that men and boys play a positive role in the transformative agenda. 

Members of the media are invited to attend as follows: 

Date: 18 July 2024 

Venue: Dwarsloop Church of the Nazarene, Bushbuckridge

Time: 09h00

For media queries and to RSVP for the event contact

Kgomotso Mophulane, Communications and Strategic Information Manager, Sonke Gender Justice on kgomotso@genderjustice.org.za or 0835196187

Colby Masinga, Chairperson of We Care Foundation SA on colbymasinga10@gmail.com or 076 503 7830 

Note to editors

Sonke Gender Justice

Sonke is a South African-based non-profit organisation working throughout Africa. We believe women and men, girls and boys can work together to resist patriarchy, advocate for gender justice, and achieve gender transformation. For media releases, reports and news visit https://genderjustice.org.za/ and https://genderjustice.org.za/newsletter-signup/ 

SANAC Civil Society Forum

The SANAC Civil Society Forum (CSF) is a formal advisory body established in 2012 by the South African National AIDS Council to facilitate the participation of Civil Society Organisations and networks, including those representing People Living with HIV, in the HIV and AIDS and TB within the National HIV response and for the implementations thereof National Strategic Plan (NSP) 2012-2016 through Sectors.